Fuller and Afros at Baldwin [Howard Fuller and African-American Students at Baldwin Auditorium], part 1

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-	Brothers over here with Black Journal Group	0:03
	of New York.	0:08
	What they're doin' is focusing in on student activities	0:09
	on campus in the South.	0:14
	Quick, what they're gonna film tonight will be	0:17
	on national TV some time the latter part of March.	0:22
-	Turn up the sound, please.	0:30
-	This is an effort to educate the Duke community.	0:34
	This rally was not meant to be held as a debate.	0:39
	Nevertheless, in the interest of participatory democracy	0:44
	well, in the interest of participatory democracy	0:52
	if there's a representative of the administration	0:58
	present tonight we'd like to give him the opportunity	1:02
	to speak first.	1:07
	(laughing)	1:10
	(clapping and cheering)	1:14
	So is there one?	1:16
	Oh, Mr. Griffith?	1:18
	Come on if you'd like to.	1:20
	(voice is muffled)	1:23
	No, we'd like for you to speak now.	1:26
	(clapping and cheering)	1:32
	Well in that case I guess we can move on	1:40
	to the real program.	1:45
	(laughing)	1:47
	We will first have a wrap up of the sequence of events	1:52
	since the joint statement presented by the Afro-American	2:00
	Society and the Duke University Administration	2:03
	by Brother B.J. Stokes.	2:07
-	First of all I'm-a go a little further back	2:13
	than just the joint statement.	2:15
	Approximately three weeks ago negotiations took place	2:20
	in the home of our beloved president, Dr. Knight.	2:24
	The members of the Kerckhoff Committee and two trustees	2:28
	were also present.	2:30
	At this time meaningful discussions were undertaken	2:31
	on the part of the Black students in good faith	2:35
	with respect to the university's representatives.	2:38
	Out of this meeting came several mutually acceptable	2:41
	and at the time, seemingly concrete provisions	2:43
	for future "implification" of 13 demands,	2:46
	the most important being a Black Studies program.	2:50
	A retreat was decided upon as a means of mutually	2:54
	implicating and formulating as well as discussing	2:56
	the structure and curriculum of the program.	3:00
	In addition to this, the further emphasize the mutual	3:03
	progress made as a result of the negotiations,	3:06
	an agreement was made not to proclaim a decisive victory	3:09
	for either side but instead a mutual victory.	3:12
	It was agreed upon that Dr. Knight would deliver	3:16
	a joint statement the following day in Page Auditorium.	3:18
	Sunday, February 16th, the last to come was the first to go.	3:22
	Dr. Knight failed to deliver his joint statement	3:27
	and instead, Dr. Kerckhoff did so.	3:29
	In that time, that is between February 16th	3:33
	and February 28th negotiations proceeded between	3:36
	Black student representatives and various members	3:40
	of the Kerckhoff Committee as well as members	3:42
	of the administration.	3:46
	However, nothing concrete was decided upon.	3:47
	In addition to the negotiations between the Black students	3:53
	and university representatives notable progress was made	3:55
	on the part of President Knight in attempting to save face	3:59
	with such statements as "The Black students were used	4:03
	"by three other factions of the university."	4:07
	And at the same time condoning the actions of the policemen	4:10
	which he invited to the campus.	4:12
	On March first and second the retreat came into being	4:15
	and so did the White Studies program.	4:18
	Those immediate trials, on March fifth those	4:22
	immediate trials have yet to materialize.	4:25
	To Dr. Knight, get it together, give it up,	4:28
	or please turn it loose.	4:31
	(clapping)	4:34
-	Next we'll have a summary of the retreat	4:37
	that was held last weekend by Brother Vaughn C. Glapion.	4:41
-	In a statement that opened the retreat this past weekend,	4:55
	Brother Chuck Hopkins clearly indicated that the purpose	4:58
	of the retreat was to establish a skeleton structure	5:01
	of the Black Studies department and to set up a timetable	5:05
	of work on the program so as to ensure implementation	5:08
	in the fall.	5:11
	This purpose was lost in the rhetoric which resulted	5:13
	from discussion by faculty members defining	5:16
	for the consultants, experts in the Black Studies area,	5:18
	what an African, Afro-American Studies program	5:22
	should be and do.	5:24
	They even tried that old trick of setting Blacks	5:27
	against Blacks.	5:29
	The brothers knew their purpose at that conference	5:31
	and realized it would be a waste of time arguing	5:34
	who's program was best, ours or Federal City.	5:36
	(mumbling) Federal City's.	5:39
	The brothers continued to struggle to initiate	5:41
	a Black Studies program relevant to Black students	5:43
	at Duke though.	5:45
	The two consultants from Washington, Doctors	5:47
	Andrew Taylor and William Count presented a model	5:49
	based on the Black Studies program at Federal City College.	5:53
	Martin Kilson, Dr. Martin Kilson gave a presentation	5:56
	on the program at Harvard.	5:59
	Another pattern was suggested and this program,	6:02
	which is being planned at Hunter College in New York	6:05
	has a student-faculty committee with equal representation	6:08
	of students and faculty.	6:11
	While neither of these proposals were suitable	6:14
	in their entirety at Duke, most of the faculty participants	6:16
	completely ignored the models suggested.	6:19
	It was evident that the Duke model had already	6:23
	been decided on.	6:25
	The men with the expertise in this field	6:27
	and those persons most involved, the Black students,	6:30
	for the most part were overlooked.	6:32
	There was more interest in the shifting of courses	6:36
	at Duke, NCC, and UNC than in the creation	6:38
	of a relevant Black Studies program here at Duke.	6:41
	The big hang-up in discussions arose from the issue	6:45
	of student participation.	6:47
	It is imperative in an area such as Black Studies	6:51
	that Black students be involved in all aspects of planning	6:54
	and operation.	6:57
	By their very nature of being Black,	6:59
	Black students are better equipped to deal with	7:01
	the Black experience than old white professors.	7:03
	To make sure that Blacks are heard it is essential	7:06
	that the students speak with some authority,	7:09
	not from a lowly subcommittee.	7:12
	The role of the supervisory committee as it has evolved	7:15
	has been that of a figurehead with subcommittees	7:17
	performing the groundwork duties.	7:20
	There were no objections to student participation	7:23
	on the sub-level.	7:25
	Yet there was little explanation of the rationale	7:27
	behind the idea not to give the students any voice	7:30
	in this decision-making body except that they were older,	7:33
	the white professors that is, were older, wiser,	7:37
	and more mature than we are.	7:41
	The proctor committee, though there were some dissensions,	7:44
	definitely stated they would not recommend student	7:47
	inclusion on the supervisory committee.	7:49
	Obviously the members of the Afro-American Society	7:53
	have no choice but to reject the weekend retreat	7:55
	as any sort of progress and to rate it a failure.	7:57
	If the best that can be accomplished	8:02
	by the proctor committee is a collection of library material	8:03
	on the plantation system,	8:06
	a supposition with no real power base,	8:09
	and courses at other schools which we find is completely	8:12
	unacceptable while providing no transportation,	8:14
	if they cannot see fit to include students in all facets	8:18
	and planning and implementation to set up new, contemporary,	8:21
	relevant courses and to hire good teachers	8:26
	and not necessarily those with Ph.D.s	8:29
	and a long list of publications,	8:31
	then they are not willing to serve our best interests.	8:34
	(clapping)	8:37
-	Next we'll have a response to the report	8:49
	of the Kerckhoff Committee by Brother Chuck Hopkins.	8:53
-	Points that I'm gonna respond to have been published	9:07
	in The Chronicle.	9:09
	As J.R. said, they represent a summation of the report	9:11
	Dr. Kerckhoff issued.	9:23
	It might be coincidental though, but this also,	9:26
	these points also represent identical points that are	9:29
	going to come out in the proctor committee's recommendation.	9:36
	One of the problems among those I've mentioned,	9:41
	that were mentioned by Brian that we all had at this retreat	9:44
	was the fact that we did not participate or were not	9:50
	allowed to participate in discussions on an equal basis	9:52
	as other, as professors, especially those	9:57
	on proctor and Kerckhoff committees.	10:01
	As has been stated before one of the agreements we made	10:05
	at Dr. Knight's house that Saturday after we had left	10:08
	Allen Building was that we would get together as a group	10:14
	at our program for, well at a program	10:18
	for implementation next fall.	10:26
	What happened was at the retreat Black students were forced	10:31
	into the position where they were simply advising,	10:33
	so called, the proctor committee.	10:38
	That is we did not participate in a give-and-take discussion	10:40
	with these people.	10:43
	We made statements.	10:45
	The experts on the Black Studies program such as	10:47
	the consultants, made statements and these were	10:51
	totally overlooked by the members of the proctor committee.	10:55
	These people, what they would do is go off	11:01
	into another room and decide among themselves	11:03
	what was to be recommended in the report that was	11:06
	to issue from the conference this weekend.	11:11
	The statement by the Concerned Faculty Committee	11:20
	is following what has become the normal operating procedure	11:22
	for statements from the faculty administration at Duke.	11:26
	That is to say the statement gives the illusion	11:30
	of being worthwhile.	11:32
	Close scrutiny of this statement however,	11:34
	as with the others will reveal deliberate evasions,	11:36
	double talk, and half truths.	11:40
	Therefore we will address ourselves to each point	11:43
	indicated in this report to point out these illusions.	11:45
	We're gonna do this point by point.	11:50
	The first point that comes out in Kerckhoff's report	11:53
	is that there should be instituted as soon as possible	11:58
	a program of African and Afro-American Studies at Duke.	12:02
	This is their first conclusion.	12:07
	Our response to this is that we wholeheartedly endorse	12:11
	the idea of the immediate establishment of	12:14
	an Afro-Studies program.	12:16
	We would hasten to say, however that this Afro-American	12:19
	Studies program must in fact be an Afro-American	12:22
	Studies program.	12:26
	In our opinion the university is attempting	12:27
	to throw together a conglomeration of unrelated courses	12:29
	and call it an Afro-American Studies program.	12:33
	We completely reject this notion.	12:37
	It's apparent to us that an Afro-American Studies program	12:40
	must be a well coordinated, systematic, and comprehensive	12:42
	series of courses developed out of a Black political	12:46
	and cultural perspective.	12:50
	It's obvious to us that a series of courses	12:53
	developed out of a white conceptual base in no way	12:55
	meets our criteria.	12:59
	So in summary we accept the notion of instituting a program	13:01
	as soon as possible, but we reject the program	13:04
	that the proctor committee is attempting	13:07
	to legitimatize.	13:09
	Two, second point that comes out of the Kerckhoff report	13:11
	is that an undergraduate major in African	13:16
	and Afro-American Studies be established in the fall.	13:21
	Our response to this is that we wholeheartedly agree	13:27
	with this point but only with the qualifications	13:30
	mentioned before concerning the manner in which	13:34
	the program will be structured.	13:37
	The third point that a faculty supervisory committee	13:40
	be appointed immediately by the Provost in consultation	13:44
	with a committee of the Afro-American Society.	13:48
	This is one of the most evasive points as far as creating	13:53
	the illusion of student participation in the program.	13:57
	On this particular point one must first understand	14:02
	that the supervisory committee will in effect be	14:05
	the controlling committee over the Afro-Studies program.	14:08
	Since this is the case merely a consulting role	14:12
	for Black students is totally unacceptable.	14:15
	We, with our qualifications, believe that any program	14:18
	that concerns Black students must reflect the goals	14:22
	and aspirations of Black students.	14:25
	It is obvious that unless one is actively involved	14:27
	in the control of the program it will be impossible	14:30
	to ensure this objective.	14:32
	The fourth point that is mentioned in the Kerckhoff report	14:36
	is that there should be meaningful student participation	14:40
	in the subcommittee structure of the program	14:44
	focusing on such matters as curriculum,	14:46
	visiting speakers, etc.	14:48
	We agree totally with this point but we hasten to add	14:51
	this involvement must be in conjunction rather than	14:55
	in lieu of involvement from the beginning	14:59
	on the supervisory committee.	15:01
	The fifth point states that the first order of business	15:05
	of the newly-appointed supervisory committee should be	15:07
	to consider the role and function of Black students	15:10
	in decision making concern with the program.	15:12
	This point become totally irrelevant in lieu	15:18
	of the fact that we demand to be involved	15:20
	on the supervisory committee from the beginning.	15:21
	The sixth point, that the implementation of the program	15:25
	begin next fall.	15:28
	This is repetitious, we've already created what needs	15:30
	to be done and it has already been said before.	15:32
	Final point is that immediate efforts be made	15:37
	by the supervisory committee to obtain external funding	15:40
	for the further growth of the program.	15:44
	We agree that the supervisory committee should	15:47
	immediately seek funding.	15:49
	We are of course referring to the legitimate	15:50
	supervisory committee composed of Black students	15:52
	as well as faculty members.	15:55
	(clapping)	16:00
-	We'll now have a rap by Chairman Michael McBride	16:11
	on our stand at this point in time.	16:16
-	Well it won't take much to tell where we stand	16:28
	so I won't talk very long.	16:31
	First I want to acknowledge receipt of a letter	16:35
	from the Provost who wishes us to accept the report	16:38
	coming from the retreat and immediately start	16:43
	to work with him to implement the program that they	16:47
	are suggesting.	16:50
	We cannot accept their report, therefore we will not	16:51
	work with him to implement the program that they	16:56
	have suggested.	16:59
	(clapping and cheering)	17:01
	I'll be very brief and to the point.	17:09
	Here I have two statements that will tell	17:14
	where we stand now.	17:20
	Number one, we demand that the proctor committee	17:24
	be abolished because they have demonstrated	17:27
	their ineffectiveness and unwillingness to develop	17:29
	a meaningful program and in the process have indicated	17:32
	an unwillingness to have Black students involved	17:36
	in the decision-making process.	17:39
	It can therefore serve no practical purposes.	17:42
	Number two, that a supervisory committee be selected	17:45
	immediately to be composed of five Black students	17:51
	and five faculty members which will work out	17:53
	the specific details relating to the departmental structure	17:56
	of the African Afro-American Studies program.	18:00
	The supervisory committee should be charged with developing	18:04
	an independent budget and should determine	18:07
	the relevancy of curriculum and professors to the African	18:09
	Afro-American Studies program.	18:13
	If positive action is not taken on these requests	18:18
	by Monday we have no choice but to seek additional means	18:21
	of effecting the changes we seek and do.	18:25
	If on Monday we deem it necessary, a rally will be held	18:28
	Monday night to help further our cause.	18:31
	Time and place to be announced.	18:34
	This puts it where it is, this is where we stand.	18:36
	There's no need to say anything else.	18:39
-	We will now hear from Wade Norris,	18:42
	who's president (mumbles).	18:46
	He will share with us some interesting insights	18:50
	as to his experience in working with the administration.	18:55
	(laughing)	19:01
-	Well that's not exactly what I hoped I could do tonight.	19:07
	But what I would like to do is try to relate	19:10
	what you've seen here in the announcement in the set up	19:13
	that was agreed upon out at Dr. Knight's house	19:19
	several weeks ago to try to resolve this issue	19:22
	to what I think might be some general criticisms	19:25
	of the entire decision-making process here.	19:29
	The president of Brandeis University who I happen to think	19:35
	is a fairly wise man because of some of his sensitivity	19:38
	to things going on inside of the university	19:44
	as well as the rest of the world said that he didn't see	19:47
	how, he thought one of the hardest things in the world	19:51
	was for Black students to relate to white administrators.	19:55
	Not only do you have the generational gap there,	20:01
	but you also have the racial gap, this sort of thing.	20:03
	He said he felt like that tripled or quadrupled it.	20:06
	Now obviously what we've had here	20:09
	in the past couple of weeks is a disagreement basically,	20:11
	between these two groups of people in the university.	20:14
	You can throw in some older white	20:18
	faculty members there, too.	20:20
	Now to resolve that far-sighted Duke University	20:23
	decided that we would get a group of people	20:26
	from the trustees and then finally we got a group	20:29
	of people from the faculty to sit down with the Black	20:33
	students and for those people to have a friendly chit-chat	20:35
	and come up with some very easy solutions	20:38
	to some terribly complicated problems.	20:41
	I think it's time that this university began to realize	20:45
	not only on this issue, although this is probably	20:48
	the most dramatic one and the one where this applies	20:52
	the most, but in other decisions that are made	20:55
	within the university that this sort of family chat	20:59
	and friendly consultation where differences and interests	21:03
	do exist and are legitimate is extremely old-fashioned	21:08
	and will not work in a modern university	21:13
	and a modern world.	21:14
	I think it's time that Duke University	21:17
	and the people who hold the systemized power	21:18
	in the university began to realize that.	21:22
	I think that's exactly what's happened tonight.	21:25
	No one understands, you know, saying next week	21:29
	or two or three weeks from now, a group of Black students	21:33
	seize the building again no one, you know,	21:38
	why these Black students seize the building?	21:39
	That certainly is a ridiculous thing to do.	21:41
	How much more clearly can you have something demonstrated	21:46
	than the way it's been right here?	21:48
	I don't happen to think like I think some people do,	21:52
	that democracy can be applied across the board	21:56
	in the university.	21:59
	I do think that on matters of governance where someone	22:02
	is attempting to limit human conduct in some fashion	22:05
	that democracy is highly applicable	22:09
	and that when the decision is made, for instance,	22:12
	to call in police force on the campus that more people	22:16
	than the President and the Chairman of the Board of Trustees	22:19
	should be involved.	22:22
	That isn't democracy to me on a very democratic issue.	22:24
	I think it's time the university really tried to apply	22:28
	it there.	22:30
	On curricular matters this is where we have	22:32
	the disagreement here.	22:34
	I don't see why students cannot have voting participation	22:36
	on the determination of what their curriculum will be.	22:41
	The idea of expertise is very often thrown out.	22:45
	You know, a student isn't able to make judgments	22:48
	on these matters.	22:50
	I really don't see how someone else can judge for you alone	22:53
	on what you should take while you are here	22:57
	in the university.	23:01
	I do accept a little more fully the idea of expertise	23:03
	on how you should be taught this stuff,	23:06
	how you should learn it.	23:08
	But I again, I don't think this is necessarily achieved	23:10
	by advisory committees and friendly consultation.	23:16
	There are a number of things which I think could be done	23:21
	to solve well, some of these problems.	23:26
	I don't think we're ever going to get real resolution	23:30
	of issues in policies and conditions	23:33
	in this university until we go through some major	23:37
	restructuring in governance.	23:39
	Our call on the president of this university	23:42
	not only to recognize the fact that friendly consultation	23:44
	is not going to solve the problem of the Black students,	23:49
	that if the university wants to solved these problems	23:53
	in a realistic fashion it's going to have to give	23:57
	the Black students some veto powers over what sort	23:59
	of curriculum is set up under this program.	24:03
	I think it's gonna have to give them some voting power	24:06
	on what type of professors are selected to teach this,	24:08
	at least at first to set the program up.	24:11
	I think we've got to realize that.	24:14
	If we don't start out with some sort of realization	24:16
	of that type I think we're really gonna be fighting	24:18
	this sort of thing for a long time.	24:20
	Furthermore I think it's time that the president	24:24
	of this university and some of the people who do	24:25
	have the ultimate power within the system	24:27
	put together a group of faculty members, of students	24:30
	white and Black, of trustees, of non-academic employees	24:34
	and that this group be given the authority	24:39
	from each of the constituencies to come up with	24:41
	a more realistic plan of governing this university.	24:45
	(clapping)	24:50
	I do believe the alternative to that is continued	24:59
	extra system political activity where legitimate	25:01
	differences of interests do lie.	25:04
	I don't think there's any escape from that sort of thing	25:08
	and I think it's time that Duke University took	25:10
	a hard look at a real problem instead of looking back	25:13
	50 years and hoping that sort of mechanisms	25:17
	and those sort of attitudes will solve them.	25:20
	Thank you.	25:22
	(clapping)	25:23
-	Since we are a part of a larger community we will now	25:28
	hear expressions of support from the Durham community.	25:33
	First of all we will hear from Brother Howard Clement,	25:39
	Chairman of the Black Solidary Committee	25:44
	for Community Improvement.	25:46
	After that we will heard from Brother James Potter,	25:49
	President of United Organizations for Community Improvement.	25:53
-	Thank you, Brother Hyde.	26:04
	Brothers and sisters and others.	26:08
	(laughing)	26:11
	Two weeks ago when we had the grand confrontation	26:18
	at the Allen Building on the seven o'clock news	26:22
	the national news reporter said one of the biggest	26:28
	fears in Durham is that the tension out at Duke	26:31
	will spill over into the well-organized Black community	26:39
	in Durham.	26:42
	Well brothers, it has.	26:45
	(clapping and cheering)	26:47
	We come here tonight as a privilege representing	26:59
	the Black Solidarity Committee for Community Improvement	27:05
	to pledge our full and unqualified support	27:08
	for the Black students here at Duke University.	27:14
	(clapping)	27:16
	Not only have we come here with words	27:25
	but we have come here in bodies.	27:27
	Before me are beautiful Black people	27:30
	from the Durham community who want to let you know	27:32
	in terms of word as well as body that we are with you	27:35
	tonight and every night.	27:39
	(clapping)	27:41
	We see the need for an Afro Studies program not only here	27:47
	at Duke University but at the University at Chapel Hill	27:52
	and (voice is muffled) School in Durham,	27:57
	at Durham High School, at Hillside High, and you can --	28:00
	(clapping).	28:04
	If you can plant the seed here it will grow	28:13
	and be cultivated in Durham.	28:17
	You know, your chaplain said this past Sunday--	28:21
	(laughing)	28:25
	that he regrets that these Black students have to think	28:30
	in terms of color.	28:34
	I think that was the most ridiculous thing	28:36
	he could have said because that's all those white folks	28:38
	have been thinking about for over 300 years.	28:40
	(clapping)	28:43
	And you know there's an old Indian saying	28:49
	(laughing)	28:52
	that before you criticize a brother you walk	28:55
	in his moccasins for one mile.	28:58
	I challenge Brother Wilkinson to walk in my shoes	29:01
	for 24 hours and see what he thinks about a Black	29:04
	Studies program.	29:08
	He'll be up here too, telling Duke.	29:09
	Months ago offering his services to help us	29:13
	alleviate the problems in Durham community.	29:16
	The Black Solidarity Committee has come out here tonight	29:19
	to help you solve your problems with the university.	29:21
	(clapping and cheering)	29:26
	But I wanna make it clear however, that when we solve	29:37
	these problem they're gonna be solved from	29:40
	the Black point of view.	29:42
	That ain't bad, it's beautiful brothers, it's beautiful.	29:46
	(clapping and cheering)	29:49
	Again we pledge you our support and let you know	29:51
	that we are not behind you we are with you,	29:54
	brothers and sisters, all the way.	29:58
	Thank you.	30:00
	(clapping and cheering)	30:02
-	I'm not gonna be quite as long-winded as my colleague.	30:18
	He's an attorney, I'm not.	30:23
	(laughing)	30:24
	I, as President of the Board of Directors of UOCI	30:29
	do hereby endorse the Afro Studies program in total.	30:34
	I further would like to say that it's about time	30:45
	that this community understand that Black people must	30:50
	participate in those things that is affecting Black people.	30:55
	(clapping and cheering)	30:58
	It must be understood that the UOCI will support	31:05
	the Afro-American Society to gain an education	31:11
	rather than a brainwashing.	31:15
	(clapping)	31:19
	An education that teaches young minds to believe	31:24
	in those things about themselves and not one that	31:28
	teaches them to be robots.	31:32
	You're supposed to spend four years being programmed	31:35
	and thereafter to think of job, think of a house	31:40
	in the suburbs, think of two cars in a carport,	31:44
	but never think of the truth of what you are.	31:47
	(clapping)	31:50

Item Info

Title:

Fuller and Afros at Baldwin [Howard Fuller and African-American Students at Baldwin Auditorium], part 1

Date:

March 5, 1969

Subject:

Format:

Extent:

0:31:52

Digital Collection:

Silent Vigil (1968) and Allen Building Takeover (1969) Audio Recordings

Source Collection:

WDBS collection, 1949-1983

Series:

WDBS Tapes of the Allen Building Takeover

Rights:

Rights Note:

Duke has not determined the copyright status of this item. Regardless of its status, we have made a good faith determination that online access through the Duke Digital Repository is an acceptable fair use and otherwise permitted under U.S. copyright law. For more information, see our page on copyright and citations: https://library.duke.edu/rubenstein/research/citations-and-permissions.

Identifier:

UA31120005-RR-0047
4e8900a2b7c837de349237dd0d2aad4d
uawdbs2
duke:372839
silau001046
ark:/87924/r4n29qb3p
8734a02d-a809-4802-96cf-462c830de4b2

Permalink:

https://idn.duke.edu/ark:/87924/r4n29qb3p

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Fuller and Afros at Baldwin [Howard Fuller and African-American Students at Baldwin Auditorium], part 1

Transcript

Item Info

Duke University Archives

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