Mollenkott, Virginia

Download
- Rights
- No Re-Use
  In Copyright
  More Rights Info
- Files (1)
- MP3
- Please be patient with media downloads. They are often large files.
Share

Embed Code
<iframe src='https://idn.duke.edu/ark:/87924/r4ws8kp5h?embed=true' height='125px' width='100%' frameborder='0' marginwidth='0' marginheight='0' scrolling='no' loading='lazy' allowfullscreen></iframe>
Permalink

https://idn.duke.edu/ark:/87924/r4ws8kp5h
Skip to Item Info

Loading the media player...

Files for this Item

Transcript

Transcripts may contain inaccuracies.

-	Well Virginia, thank you very much	0:01
	for agreeing to be interviewed,	0:03
	and if you could just say your full name please?	0:04
-	Virginia Ramey Mollenkott.	0:09
-	Thank you, and are you lay or clergy?	0:11
-	I'm a layperson.	0:14
-	Yes, and what is your denominational affiliation	0:15
	if you have any?	0:19
-	Yeah, well, currently Episcopal.	0:21
-	Okay.	0:23
-	I was raised Plymouth Brethren.	0:24
	I don't whether you even know about that.	0:26
	Some people don't.	0:29
	In England it's the low church opposite	0:31
	of the Church of England.	0:33
-	Okay, interesting.	0:35
-	Yeah, many kids who want to rebel against parents	0:37
	who are Anglican	0:40
	will become Plymouth Brethren and vice versa.	0:42
	There's no ordination,	0:47
	but women are not allowed so much as to ask a question.	0:50
-	Wow.	0:53
-	You wear a hat to show your subordination to all males,	0:54
	even your children, even your small sons.	0:57
-	Wow.	1:00
-	Yeah, I sat through many a Bible class	1:02
	where I could've clarified that two men were arguing	1:04
	just because they had a slight difference	1:08
	in the way they were defining their terms.	1:10
	I had to sit through it	1:13
	because I couldn't so much as point out to them	1:14
	that's what was happening.	1:17
	(laughs)	1:19
-	Oh my goodness.	1:20
	You've come a long way from there, haven't you?	1:21
-	Oh yes, I certainly have.	1:23
	I was still in it into my early thirties.	1:25
-	Really.	1:30
-	Yup.	1:31
-	Well, I'm interested to hear.	1:33
	This might be a good time to ask.	1:35
	So I know it's probably a long story,	1:36
	but what led you to leave that denomination?	1:38
-	Well it was very slow.	1:44
	I was born in Philadelphia in 1932,	1:47
	and attended the assemblies with my mother.	1:50
	My father left us when I was nine.	1:54
	So it was everything I ever heard.	1:57
	You know, we didn't even go to other churches	2:00
	because frankly, the Plymouth Brethren	2:03
	wonder whether anybody else is going to heaven	2:05
	other than themselves.	2:07
	And so we didn't go to any other churches	2:10
	and I didn't hear anything else for many years.	2:12
	It's fundamentalism, essentially.	2:18
-	Yes.	2:19
-	And so it took me...	2:20
	Well, I describe this to some degree	2:24
	in Sensuous Spirituality,	2:26
	which is subtitled Out from Fundamentalism.	2:28
	And in it I describe it was largely my doctorate, really,	2:32
	and working on Milton, John Milton,	2:37
	and reading his divorce tracts,	2:40
	which were so different from...	2:43
	I mean they were all based on scripture.	2:45
	He was, as you probably know, a 17th-century Puritan.	2:48
	And actually Secretary of State under Oliver Cromwell.	2:52
	And he interpreted the Bible so differently	2:58
	that I was blown away.	3:01
	The basic thing for him was that God is love,	3:05
	and anything that didn't teach love	3:08
	was not to be treated like it was divine scripture,	3:11
	but rather as an example	3:15
	of something that was believed at the time,	3:17
	or for some particular historical reason was believed.	3:19
	And that really freed me up.	3:23
-	Yes.	3:26
-	When Harvard had,	3:28
	I don't know whether you know about that conference,	3:30
	there was a big conference at Harvard a few years back	3:32
	about women in religion.	3:36
	And somebody joked at the end,	3:40
	who ever thought that John Milton would be a star?	3:41
	(interviewer laughs)	3:45
	at a conference on women in religion?	3:46
	Because there were feminists	3:47
	who wanted him out of the curriculum.	3:48
-	Yes.	3:51
-	Because he describes so well	3:52
	what an angry man will do to his wife, you know,	3:53
	when Adam is angry at Eve in Paradise Lost.	3:56
	Well yeah, but that's not Milton's view,	4:00
	that's his view of what an angry husband will say.	4:01
	(laughs)	4:05
	And so it was a big mistake to want to throw Milton out.	4:06
	But he certainly was my liberation, you know?	4:11
-	I love it.	4:14
	That is great.
-	Yeah, I needed somebody to show me	4:16
	that you really could read the Bible	4:19
	in a liberating fashion.	4:22
	And that's what he did.	4:24
-	And it was John Milton.	4:26
-	And of course he was arguing for divorce	4:27
	for incompatibility,	4:28
	on the basis of scripture in the 17th century.	4:29
	And it took New Jersey a few years to come around to that.	4:33
	(Interviewer laughs)	4:38
	A few hundred years.	4:39
-	Right.
	So where did you go to graduate school, Virginia?	4:43
-	Graduate school, well,	4:47
	I got my B.A. from Bob Jones University.	4:48
	You should make note of that.	4:50
-	Yes.	4:52
-	I was so fundamentalist,	4:53
	although I certainly didn't agree with their racism.	4:54
	And many things I didn't agree with.	4:58
	But I kept my mouth shut or you would get thrown out.	5:00
	You know, couldn't disagree with anything.	5:03
	And I got my Master's at Temple University in Philadelphia	5:05
	and my Ph.D. at New York University.	5:09
-	Okay.	5:12
-	So that was all very liberating for me,	5:14
	each step of the way.	5:16
	I came out of that.	5:18
	Bob Jones wouldn't even teach modern poetry	5:20
	because they thought it wasn't spiritual enough.	5:22
-	Wow.	5:24
-	And a young actor named Ronald Reagan came	5:25
	when I was an undergraduate,	5:30
	and read some modern poetry at Bob Jones.	5:32
	And I thought my gosh, this is marvelous.	5:34
	So as soon as I got to Temple,	5:37
	I took a modern poetry course,	5:39
	and it was taught by an atheist.	5:40
-	Really.	5:42
-	Yeah, who, I had never seen anything like it.	5:44
	I mean, she was teaching Gerard Manley Hopkins,	5:47
	who was a Jesuit, so I wrote a paper on Hopkins.	5:50
	And of course approached him from a Christian perspective.	5:53
	And she wrote on my paper,	5:56
	"I don't agree with the words you say,	5:57
	"but this is wonderful."	5:59
	and gave me an A+.	6:01
	And I thought, well, I'd never seen that before, you know.	6:03
	At Bob Jones you either agreed with the party line,	6:06
	or you had a bad grade.	6:10
	So this was again very liberating for me.	6:12
-	Yes.	6:15
	So Milton and Ronald Reagan have been influences on you.	6:16
	(both laugh)	6:19
-	Well, he kinda gave me a nudge, you know?	6:21
	He read some T.S. Eliot, and oh my goodness,	6:23
	to say that that's not spiritual	6:26
	is really very blind-siding it.	6:28
-	Yes, oh, it is.	6:31
	So what were you doing at the time of Re-Imagining,	6:33
	Virginia?	6:36
-	I was teaching, so that was 19, what, 90?	6:38
-	93.	6:42
-	What year was that?
	93, yes.	6:43
	I was teaching at William Patterson University,	6:44
	when it was a college.	6:48
	I had gone there because I could see a divorce coming	6:51
	when I was at teaching at Nyack Missionary College.	6:54
	And in Nyack,	6:57
	there's this Christian and Missionary Alliance.	6:58
	And I knew that in any fundamentalist area,	7:00
	it's always the woman's fault no matter what.	7:03
	She gets a divorce, it's her fault,	7:06
	because she should have been submissive	7:09
	to whatever her husband wanted (laughs)	7:12
	And I became aware of feminist theology	7:14
	reading Betty Friedan, like so many other women, you know?	7:17
-	Yes.	7:20
-	The Feminine Mystique.	7:21
	And I thought, my eyes were on stems,	7:22
	and oh I'm not the only one, you know?	7:24
	I was at this college where I was a full professor	7:27
	and heading the English Department,	7:31
	but I was the only professor	7:34
	who was asked to bake cookies and stuff for meetings.	7:36
-	Seriously.	7:40
-	And one of the male professors who liked me a lot	7:41
	saw me coming in a little bit late to an afternoon meeting	7:44
	after we'd had a meeting all morning, and he said	7:48
	"the rest of us went home and had our lunch served to us.	7:53
	"You went home and had to make your own lunch	7:55
	"and do the wash, didn't you?"	7:57
	And I said yeah, I did.	8:00
	(laughs)	8:02
-	Wow.	8:03
-	Anyway, Friedan made me realize	8:04
	how widespread the feelings were.	8:07
	When you begin to get that sense of solidarity	8:11
	with other women,	8:14
	of course that empowers you.	8:15
-	Yes.	8:16
	How did you become aware of feminist theology in particular?	8:17
-	Well, of course immediately, having lived on the Bible,	8:22
	I mean we read through the Bible.	8:27
	When I was four I was reading out of the King James Version	8:29
	out loud already, with the family.	8:32
	So I had been through the King James Version	8:35
	over and over again.	8:37
	So everything I read I would immediately be comparing	8:38
	to what I understood scripture to say.	8:40
	And so immediately reading Friedan,	8:44
	I began to think about a lot of things in scripture	8:46
	from a different perspective.	8:50
	I mean, already I was intuitively going	8:52
	to what feminists have taught.	8:54
	That you ask yourself who profits from this interpretation?	8:56
-	Right.	9:00
-	You know, I never had asked myself that question,	9:01
	because it was just assumed	9:03
	that white male supremacy was right	9:05
	(laughs)	9:09
	and the other interpretations were wrong.	9:10
	It was very simple.	9:13
	But when I began to have a whole range of options,	9:14
	and the question was who's profiting from this,	9:17
	everything begins to look very different.	9:20
-	Absolutely.	9:24
	Well if we could move to Re-Imagining.	9:26
	This is great, Virginia.	9:28
	I know that you were a presenter	9:29
	at the '93 conference on church,	9:31
	and I kinda sent you a synopsis of your talk.	9:34
	I wonder if you have any thoughts	9:36
	about your presentation then?	9:38
	It's been a while.	9:40
-	Yeah, well, thanks for sending me that synopsis.	9:42
-	Of course.	9:48
-	What struck me about it was that it wasn't a topic,	9:49
	as you can tell by just comparing what I told you	9:53
	about the Plymouth Brethren,	9:56
	I had no interest in church organization.	9:58
	That is, the way the Methodists differ from the Lutherans,	10:02
	differ from the Presbyterians and so forth.	10:06
	This was not my thing, you know?	10:10
	Because I had never been involved in any of that,	10:13
	although I was by then speaking in a lot of these churches	10:17
	and conferences and so on.	10:20
	But to be asked to speak	10:22
	about re-imagining a church structure,	10:23
	this was really a shock to me.	10:26
	But that was part of what I think is valuable	10:29
	about Re-Imagining.	10:33
	That it brought together women from many angles.	10:34
	They assigned people to speak,	10:38
	and I was glad I'm not the only one	10:41
	who got assigned to something	10:42
	that in a sense forced me to look at things	10:44
	from the angle I'd already been speaking from,	10:48
	but I hadn't applied it to that particular topic.	10:50
	So I was speaking all along	10:55
	about the importance of inclusion of everybody	10:58
	and particularly including LGBT people	11:02
	because I was one (laughs)	11:06
	and so I was forced to be concerned about that,	11:08
	and I'd been speaking	11:12
	about the right to reproductive freedom,	11:14
	mutuality, my concern has always been tremendous	11:20
	about mutuality in marriage and in other relationships.	11:24
	And I was forced to take that and apply it to the church	11:28
	and the church community.	11:32
	So that was a good thing.	11:35
	So I think we were all, in a way,	11:38
	brought into closer connection with one another	11:41
	by being asked in some cases to speak about things	11:45
	we really hadn't thought about from that angle before,	11:48
	you know?	11:50
-	Yes, yes.	11:51
	Do you have any, I know it's been a long time.	11:52
	Do you have any memories from that conference at all?	11:55
-	Yeah, my chief memory was when all the lesbians	11:58
	were called to the platform.	12:03
-	Yes.	12:05
-	And I remember so well	12:06
	walking by tables after tables of women,	12:10
	many of whom had tears in their eyes.	12:12
	And I'm sure part of it was grief	12:16
	for the suffering that they knew we had gone through,	12:19
	but I think some of it was the grief	12:22
	that they couldn't come and join us,	12:24
	that they wouldn't dare to get up there	12:27
	and admit they were lesbian	12:30
	because that would be it for them at their particular jobs.	12:31
	But it was such a feeling to be called to the platform	12:37
	in honor rather than in disgrace.	12:40
	And to be there and look out,	12:43
	and know that these women supported us and cared for us	12:45
	and cried for us, and cried with us.	12:49
	That was stupendous.	12:53
	And the other thing is	12:55
	being introduced to a widespread use,	12:57
	it's not I hadn't heard of it,	13:00
	but a widespread use of Sophia as the image for the Christ.	13:01
	And that was a tremendous gift.	13:08
	To hear it done rather than just argue that it can be done	13:11
	because scripture allows it and scripture does it.	13:16
	But to hear it done, that was another story entirely,	13:19
	and just wonderful.	13:23
-	That's good to hear.	13:26
	That was the only conference you participated in,	13:27
	is that right?	13:30
-	Yes, that's right.
	Because I was teaching in a secular university,	13:33
	and traveling a lot, and speaking a lot	13:38
	in various Methodist women's conferences	13:40
	and Mennonite youth conferences,	13:43
	and Episcopal student conferences, and so forth.	13:45
	You know, Quaker seminary.	13:49
	And so I was around a lot,	13:53
	but I wasn't anywhere near	13:56
	where the Re-Imagining group continued to function.	13:59
-	Sure, sure.	14:04
	Well, you were doing important work!	14:05
	Glad you were doing it.	14:07
-	They were doing important work too,	14:10
	and I was glad to know it.	14:13
	I was very aware of the backlash, of course,	14:15
	and very sorry and angry about it,	14:18
	that people should lose their jobs	14:21
	over something so honorable.	14:24
-	Yeah.	14:30
	It didn't affect you directly, I'm assuming.	14:32
-	As far as I'm concerned,	14:33
	the way I account for the backlash	14:35
	is the patriarchy hates to give up power.	14:36
	All it is was the sheer jealousy.	14:39
	It's the same reason that gay marriage is so dangerous.	14:43
	Because a gay marriage,	14:49
	you have two people of the same gender coming together,	14:51
	usually, occasionally it'll be different than that.	14:54
	But they're coming together	15:00
	assuming the equality of friendship.	15:01
	They're not coming together	15:05
	assuming that one of them is in control	15:06
	and the other one submits.	15:08
	And so that's very dangerous to patriarchal marriage	15:10
	as it's been understood for centuries.	15:12
	I know why the patriarchs are not comfortable with it.	15:15
	(laughs)	15:19
	And it looks like here it goes, you know.	15:21
	And it will undercut, and it's already undercutting	15:22
	the idea of...	15:27
	a hierarchy in marriage.	15:30
-	So how would you define re-imagining?	15:34
-	I understood it as	15:42
	we're coming at the whole thing with new eyes.	15:43
	So we're re-envisioning our interpretations.	15:46
	And we're re-envisioning the way we get along	15:49
	with one another,	15:53
	the way we function together as a community.	15:55
	We're looking at it all,	15:59
	as I said in one article I wrote,	16:01
	we're looking at it all from low and inside, you know.	16:02
	That's a baseball term.	16:05
	I don't know whether you're a baseball fan.	16:07
-	I'm not.	16:08
	You're gonna have to tell me, Virginia!	16:09
-	When the pitcher pitches the ball,	16:12
	and it's just a little lower than the strike zone,	16:14
	and a little bit inside, so it cramps the batter	16:17
	so he can't get a good swing, you know?	16:20
	And that's how we started to read the Bible,	16:23
	from low and inside, as far as the...	16:27
	Our position in the church was low,	16:29
	and yet we were inside, you know?	16:32
	(Interviewer laughs)	16:34
	And we could see things very differently.	16:36
	And it was a bad shakeup for the patriarchs	16:38
	who had always felt like their interpretation	16:42
	was the only one.	16:45
	Now of course what we've had to find out,	16:47
	what white women have had to find out,	16:48
	is that our interpretation isn't the only one either.	16:50
	Black womanists have a lot to teach us,	16:53
	and Hispanic womanists have a lot to teach us,	16:57
	and so on.	17:01
	So we too have had to learn	17:02
	who profits from this interpretation.	17:04
	Watch out that it's not us,	17:07
	and not some of our sisters that we're stepping on.	17:09
-	Exactly.	17:14
	I think you might have already said this,	17:15
	but what aspects of Re-Imagining	17:17
	were most significant to you?	17:19
-	Well it was the Sophia thing	17:23
	and the recognition of lesbians as part of the community.	17:25
	Those were the two things.	17:30
	But I also loved having people able to draw artwork	17:32
	even while they were listening.	17:37
	Those were some very creative things to do, you know?	17:40
	To allow everybody to use whatever gift they had	17:46
	in whatever way they had.	17:48
	So that was good.	17:52
-	Did it affect at all	17:53
	your perspective on feminist theology or the church?	17:55
	Well, it strengthened what I already knew.	18:00
	I knew the church was not gonna like	18:04
	when women began to think for ourselves	18:06
	and speak for ourselves.	18:09
	And so the backlash just says,	18:12
	yeah you were right about that, weren't you?	18:15
	(laughs)	18:17
	And that women were bright and smart	18:21
	and capable of reading well,	18:23
	and supporting one another.	18:24
	What I hoped,	18:28
	well one of the things I think happened was...	18:29
	men have known all along to praise one another.	18:31
	You know, just listen to...	18:36
	a baseball player, a basketball player,	18:41
	talking about his team.	18:43
	He's always gonna praise his team.	18:44
	You're never gonna brag on just himself.	18:46
	He'll always praise the others.	18:51
	Otherwise he would be very quickly in trouble.	18:53
	And I think that getting together like we did	18:57
	at Re-Imagining	19:02
	began that process of standing together as sisters.	19:04
	Praising one another's work, lifting up one another's work.	19:09
	I think we could still do a better job of it,	19:14
	but I think we've done much a better job since Re-Imagining.	19:16
-	Yeah, yeah.	19:20
	What do you think re-imagining means today, Virginia?	19:23
-	It continues to mean	19:28
	that we have to be open to new ideas constantly.	19:29
	There's always more light to bring forth, you know?	19:37
	We can't afford to say,	19:40
	no we've already imagined it all the way it is,	19:42
	and there's no opening in our vision for anything new.	19:46
-	Where do you think it's happening today?	19:53
-	What do you mean happening today?	19:58
	Politically?	19:59
-	Or, well, honestly one thing that comes to mind	20:00
	is the Christian feminists today that I just learned about	20:04
	from reading Jann Aldredge-Clanton's book.	20:08
	I mean, do you feel like there are movements or places	20:10
	where the re-imagining...	20:12
-	That's my basic group.	20:14
	I was part of the founding of that.	20:18
	I've been one of the major speakers	20:21
	at almost every single conference that they've held	20:22
	except that I had to stop now.	20:27
	I guess I put an end to it in about 2012, 2013.	20:30
	Because I'm so crippled with arthritis.	20:35
	I have to use a wheelchair.	20:39
	It's very difficult to take,	20:41
	I can't take the automated wheelchair with me.	20:43
	So it was just too much,	20:46
	and I decided, well that's that, you know?	20:48
	I still do a lot of writing on the web site,	20:50
	do a lot of book reviewing and articles on their web site.	20:53
	We're very happy to have Jann,	20:59
	but she's only been with us a couple years.	21:00
	She's doing wonderful work,	21:02
	but we've been doing that work for years already.	21:04
	It's a great organization,	21:08
	and I would like to see even more interlinkage	21:10
	with re-imagining, interlinking with all such organizations.	21:14
	There's a split off from Evangelical Women's Caucus,	21:20
	which is now Christian Feminism Today.	21:23
	And they believe in male-female equality,	21:26
	but no homosexual women or men.	21:31
	So it's like Women and Men Together, see,	21:34
	so you get the picture.	21:36
	Don't come here if you don't have a man in your life,	21:38
	if you're a woman, you know?	21:40
	But even then, you know,	21:44
	they're doing work too that's important.	21:45
	And to the degree	21:47
	that they're getting male-female equality right,	21:48
	we're supportive of them as Christian feminists today.	21:51
	But the big difference is that Christian feminists today	21:58
	work with and honor the lesbians among us.	22:02
-	I'm sorry, what was the name of the group	22:05
	that doesn't honor lesbians?	22:07
-	Well, one of the things they call themselves	22:10
	is Women and Men together.	22:14
	That's not the official name,	22:16
	and I'm not exactly sure of it,	22:18
	but check into it.	22:20
-	I will.	22:21
-	It's bigger than Christian Feminism Today.	22:23
-	Oh, is it?	22:24
-	Yeah.	22:25
	Jann Aldredge-Clanton could tell you exactly.	22:30
-	Good, good.	22:34
-	My memory is not what it used to be.	22:36
	There are also even more organizations	22:39
	that try to say they're feminist,	22:45
	but they're really into complementarity.	22:46
	And that's just another name for...	22:50
	a less threatening name for patriarchy.	22:54
	And then there's a whole movement of Christian patriarchy,	22:57
	they're proud of it!	23:00
	They get thousands of women to turn out	23:02
	to be told how subordinate they are.	23:04
	I don't understand it, what's with women?	23:06
	Those conferences have been extremely popular.	23:11
	And no backlash (laughs)	23:14
	No backlash to that!	23:17
	Nobody lost their job	23:18
	over telling women that they're subordinate to men, so.	23:19
	That's amazing to me.	23:23
-	Well, I did want one last question	23:26
	and then I want to hear	23:28
	if there's anything else you want to bring up,	23:29
	but we are starting a web site,	23:32
	and I am in conversation with Christian Feminism Today	23:33
	to kind of work together, to get our organizations together.	23:37
	But I'm wondering if you have any ideas	23:40
	about other organizations, or who would benefit from it,	23:42
	or what we should include.	23:46
	Any ideas you have would be really appreciated.	23:47
-	Well, I can think about that.	23:54
	What springs to mind is the feminist organizations	24:00
	within various church structures.	24:05
	I would assume that you're aware of Methodist Women	24:09
	and so on.	24:12
-	Right, that's a very good idea, yes.	24:13
-	Any of that, the women's organizations	24:16
	within denominational organizations.	24:20
	And also the LGBT ones,	24:25
	because to the degree that they have knowledgeable lesbians	24:26
	they're gonna be feminist.	24:31
	So you wanna work with them.	24:35
	Bring them forward as much as possible.	24:39
-	Absolutely.	24:41
-	And above all,	24:44
	check into the Black and Hispanic organizations.	24:47
	Give them voice and leadership.	24:53
-	Absolutely.	24:58
	Is there anything that we haven't discussed	25:01
	that you would like to add, Virginia?	25:03
-	Well, just my feeling	25:09
	that the function for the re-imagining community ongoing	25:11
	is to continue to coordinate efforts	25:15
	that would otherwise be separate.	25:17
	Cuz you know, you got everybody working,	25:20
	and all this energy going in separate denominations	25:23
	and separate organizations,	25:27
	and it's a shame that this doesn't get coordinated	25:32
	because there's so much more bang for your buck	25:35
	if you put it together and work in a coordinated way.	25:38
	The more emphasis is placed on coordination	25:42
	and intercommunication and mutual support of this,	25:45
	the better.	25:48
-	That is wonderful.	25:49
	Absolutely.	25:51
	And that is kind of our vision.	25:52
	Both preserving our history, and coordinating.	25:54
	That's great.	25:56
	I'm gonna turn off the recording then,	25:58
	if that's okay with you.	26:01
-	Sure, sure.	26:02

Item Info

Title:

Mollenkott, Virginia

Date:

March 16, 2016

Creator:

Jordon, Sherry E. (Sherry Elaine)

Description:

While Library staff have made every effort to ensure the accuracy of transcripts and captions as they relate to the original audio, errors may exist. For assistance verifying text or audio, please contact Rubenstein Library Research Services.

Subject:

Format:

interviews

Digital Collection:

Re-Imagining Collection

Source Collection:

Re-Imagining Collection, 1991-2025

Series:

Oral History Interviews

Rights:

No Re-Use

In Copyright

Rights Note:

This material is made available for research, scholarship, and private study. Copyright in this material has not been transferred to Duke University. For reuses of this material beyond those permitted by fair use or otherwise allowed under the Copyright Act, please see our page on copyright and citations: https://library.duke.edu/rubenstein/research/citations-and-permissions.

Identifier:

dae6341d81a754a0bf042ad0ed63b862
reimagining
duke:461820
ark:/87924/r4ws8kp5h
de32a297-3fe8-465f-9ea4-76b4e7f14871

Permalink:

https://idn.duke.edu/ark:/87924/r4ws8kp5h

Sponsor:

Sponsor this Digital Collection

Mollenkott, Virginia

Transcript

Item Info

Sallie Bingham Center for Women's History & Culture

More Info & Options