The Four Seasons
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Instructor | The Four Seasons. | 0:01 |
In 2000, | 0:03 | |
the history of medicine collections | 0:05 | |
and Anthony Benson, | 0:06 | |
formerly of the Division | 0:08 | |
of Educational Media Services | 0:09 | |
at Duke University School of Medicine | 0:11 | |
produced an interactive version | 0:13 | |
of The Four Seasons. | 0:16 | |
This version was reprogrammed | 0:18 | |
for the web with funds donated | 0:20 | |
by Dr. John P. McGovern. | 0:22 | |
The Four Seasons are unique | 0:25 | |
17th century copper plate engravings | 0:26 | |
from the Trent Collection | 0:29 | |
that were digitally reconstructed | 0:30 | |
for more than 200 photographs | 0:32 | |
in order to reproduce the experience | 0:34 | |
of lifting the multilayered flaps | 0:36 | |
and volvelles to reveal | 0:38 | |
various anatomical dissections, | 0:40 | |
a metaphor for the stages | 0:43 | |
of human life. | 0:44 | |
The prints illustrate | 0:45 | |
not only human anatomy, | 0:46 | |
but a replete with allusions | 0:48 | |
to alchemy, astrology, astronomy | 0:50 | |
botany, geography, palmistry, | 0:53 | |
physiology, uroscopy | 0:56 | |
and zoology. | 0:58 | |
This interactive web version | 1:00 | |
will no longer exist | 1:02 | |
as of December, 2020. | 1:04 | |
This is a recording | 1:07 | |
of the interactive web version. | 1:09 | |
The engravings of The Four Seasons | 1:12 | |
remain in the history | 1:14 | |
of medicine collections | 1:16 | |
as part of the | 1:17 | |
Josiah Charles Trent collection, | 1:18 | |
located in the Rubenstein Rare Book | 1:20 | |
and Manuscript Library | 1:22 | |
at Duke University. | 1:23 | |
Please contact the Rubinstein Library | 1:25 | |
the History of Medicine Collections | 1:28 | |
if you have any questions at all. | 1:29 | |
The Four Seasons historical background, | 1:41 | |
The Four Seasons | 1:44 | |
are four 17th century | 1:45 | |
copper plate engravings | 1:47 | |
approximately 51 centimeters | 1:48 | |
by 41 centimeters | 1:51 | |
of probable German | 1:52 | |
or Flemish origin | 1:54 | |
or possible English origin. | 1:55 | |
One theory proposes | 1:57 | |
they are the design | 1:58 | |
of Robert Fludd. | 2:00 | |
Each presents a season of the year | 2:02 | |
as a metaphor for one | 2:04 | |
of life stages. | 2:05 | |
Birth is represented by spring, | 2:07 | |
youth by summer, | 2:10 | |
adulthood by fall, | 2:12 | |
old age by winter. | 2:14 | |
Although the works | 2:17 | |
primarily illustrate human anatomy | 2:18 | |
they are also densely laced | 2:20 | |
with allusions to what | 2:22 | |
are today known as alchemy, | 2:23 | |
astrology, astronomy, zoology, | 2:25 | |
botany, geography, | 2:28 | |
physiology, uroscopy, | 2:30 | |
and palmistry. | 2:32 | |
Each engraving contains a number | 2:33 | |
of complex parts | 2:35 | |
involving multiple layers | 2:37 | |
of super-imposed paper flaps | 2:39 | |
and volvelles. | 2:40 | |
This copy is believed | 2:42 | |
to be the only one | 2:43 | |
of the series in existence. | 2:44 | |
Little is firmly known | 2:47 | |
of the origin of these works. | 2:49 | |
And despite the considerable efforts | 2:50 | |
of a group of scholars | 2:52 | |
under the leadership | 2:54 | |
of H.F.J Horstmanshoff | 2:55 | |
from the University of Leiden, | 2:58 | |
which has led to the publication | 3:00 | |
The Four Seasons of Human Life | 3:02 | |
published in 2001, | 3:05 | |
they still remain somewhat | 3:07 | |
of a scholarly mystery. | 3:09 | |
The prints can only been, | 3:12 | |
only be traced back to 1912 | 3:14 | |
when they were in the possession | 3:16 | |
of sir D'Arcy Power. | 3:18 | |
Upon his death, | 3:20 | |
the engravings were sold by Sotheby's | 3:21 | |
at an auction held in London | 3:23 | |
on the 9th of June in 1941. | 3:25 | |
They were purchased | 3:28 | |
by Frank Hollings, | 3:29 | |
an antiquarian dealer | 3:30 | |
for 70 pounds. | 3:32 | |
Eventually, they made their way | 3:33 | |
through Henry Schumann, | 3:35 | |
another dealer, | 3:36 | |
into the collection | 3:37 | |
of Duke physician, | 3:38 | |
Dr. Josiah Charles Trent. | 3:40 | |
In March of 1992, | 3:43 | |
Dr. James H Semans | 3:45 | |
and Mrs. Mary Duke Biddle Trent Semans, | 3:47 | |
Dr. Trent's widow, | 3:50 | |
formerly presented these works | 3:51 | |
as part of the Trent collection | 3:53 | |
to the History of Medicine Collections | 3:55 | |
at the Duke University | 3:57 | |
Medical Center Library. | 3:58 | |
This program was produced | 4:04 | |
for the History | 4:06 | |
of Medicine Collections | 4:06 | |
at the Duke University | 4:07 | |
Medical Center Library | 4:09 | |
by the Division of Education Media Services | 4:10 | |
of the Duke University Medical Center | 4:13 | |
with funds donated | 4:15 | |
by Dr. John P. McGovern. | 4:17 | |
The executive producer | 4:19 | |
was Suzanne Porter, | 4:20 | |
curator of the History | 4:22 | |
of Medicine Collections. | 4:23 | |
Interface design, programming, | 4:25 | |
and animation was created | 4:27 | |
by Anthony Benson, | 4:30 | |
digital flap reconstruction | 4:32 | |
by Rob DeVoe, Brian Seabock | 4:33 | |
and Will Kountis. | 4:35 | |
Digital image acquisition | 4:37 | |
and manipulation | 4:38 | |
provided by Courtney Queeny | 4:39 | |
and Ben Easly. | 4:41 | |
CD cover and case design | 4:44 | |
provided by Molly Renda. | 4:46 | |
Original photography | 4:48 | |
provided by Bill Gage | 4:50 | |
and Bill Bamberger. | 4:52 | |
The copyright of | 4:54 | |
this interactive web site | 4:56 | |
is 2000 Duke university. | 4:58 |
Narrator | The Four Seasons, Spring. | 0:01 |
Spring is represented by an infant | 0:06 | |
emerging from the womb and three other male figures. | 0:09 | |
A boy seven months old, a boy three years and a boy 14, | 0:14 | |
suggesting various stages of childhood. | 0:21 | |
The mythological figure, | 0:24 | |
wearing a helmet and seated on the far right | 0:26 | |
with its back to the viewer, | 0:29 | |
has a possible association with a goddess Minerva. | 0:31 | |
Her age is seven years. | 0:35 | |
The sun and the moon are in the upper left | 0:38 | |
and right corners respectively, | 0:42 | |
a position they occupy in all four of the prints. | 0:44 | |
The figures are framed by calendrical and zodiacal arches | 0:49 | |
displaying information related | 0:54 | |
to the time of year represented. | 0:56 | |
Directly beneath are a pair of swallows | 0:59 | |
carrying a banner announcing the season, Ver. | 1:02 | |
Flowering trees flank the figures, | 1:07 | |
on the left an almond and on the right a mulberry. | 1:10 | |
Behind the branches of these trees | 1:15 | |
are the faces of the North and South winds. | 1:17 | |
As in all the prints, pennants, banderoles | 1:22 | |
and the leaves of the trees | 1:26 | |
are inscribed in Latin or Greek | 1:27 | |
with Proverbs and Hippocratic aphorisms | 1:30 | |
and biblical or neoclassical texts. | 1:33 | |
At the bottom of the print are a wide variety of plants | 1:37 | |
and flowers corresponding to the season. | 1:41 | |
In the background, | 1:44 | |
a lush landscape is populated with animals: | 1:45 | |
Cow, stag, rabbit, pig, fox and sheep. | 1:49 | |
The geographic map beneath the newborn | 1:55 | |
on the left is missing | 1:59 | |
and presumed to have represented Europe. | 2:01 | |
The celestial map is of the Northern Hemisphere. | 2:04 | |
The two older boys each carry a flask, | 2:08 | |
but the contents of only one is identified. | 2:12 | |
It is marked phlegma or phlegm | 2:15 | |
for one of Galen's four humors, | 2:18 | |
each of which is associated with one of the seasons. | 2:20 | |
Flaps open in various areas of the print | 2:25 | |
to reveal anatomical details | 2:29 | |
of specific parts of the human body. | 2:32 | |
(computer mouse clicking) | 2:35 | |
Arches. | 2:43 | |
Counting from the top down, | 2:45 | |
the arches record the stellar phases, | 2:47 | |
signs of the zodiac, calendar scale, three types of months | 2:51 | |
and the motion of the moon for the season. | 2:55 | |
(computer mouse clicking) | 2:58 | |
Sun. | 3:27 | |
Sun conceals side views of eye anatomy. | 3:29 | |
(computer mouse clicks) | 3:34 | |
Exterior view of eyeball with muscles | 3:36 | |
and flap of conjunctiva. | 3:39 | |
(computer mouse clicks) | 3:41 | |
Blood vessels on exterior of eyeball and optic nerve. | 3:43 | |
(computer mouse clicks) | 3:47 | |
Anterior and posterior chambers on the left, | 3:49 | |
handwriting visible of previous flap on the right. | 3:53 | |
(computer mouse clicking) | 3:59 | |
Interior cavity of eye with flap of ciliary muscles. | 4:04 | |
(computer mouse clicks) | 4:09 | |
Ciliary muscles folded back. | 4:10 | |
(computer mouse clicking) | 4:13 | |
Moon. | 4:26 | |
The phase of the moon is incorrectly shown | 4:27 | |
as the waning crescent and should have been reversed | 4:30 | |
with the waxing crescent in Autumnus. | 4:34 | |
(computer mouse clicks) | 4:37 | |
Blood vessels of the globe. | 4:39 | |
(computer mouse clicks) | 4:41 | |
Cornea with eyes surrounded by rectus and oblique muscles. | 4:42 | |
(computer mouse clicks) | 4:46 | |
Blood vessels and sclera on same level as Iris and pupil. | 4:48 | |
(computer mouse clicks) | 4:52 | |
Lens surrounded by ciliary zonules which hold it in place. | 4:54 | |
Underside of previous flap shows iris. | 4:59 | |
(computer mouse clicks) | 5:02 | |
Retina and optic disk.(computer mouse clicks) | 5:04 | |
Choroid. | 5:07 | |
(computer mouse clicking) | 5:09 | |
Swallows. | 5:24 | |
Swallows, generally considered a symbol of rebirth, | 5:25 | |
herald a return of Spring. | 5:30 | |
(computer mouse clicking) | 5:33 | |
Almond. | 5:44 | |
The almond, which has an association | 5:45 | |
in Christian tradition with the Virgin, | 5:48 | |
blossoms early but bears its fruit very late. | 5:51 | |
(computer mouse clicking) | 5:57 | |
Mulberry. | 6:22 | |
Mulberry blossoms are the last to appear | 6:25 | |
but it's fruit is the first to be eaten. | 6:28 | |
This tree is associated in classical mythology with Minerva. | 6:32 | |
(computer mouse clicking) | 6:38 | |
South wind. | 7:09 | |
Auster, the South wind, brings a variety of illnesses | 7:11 | |
among them a heavy head and general lassitude. | 7:16 | |
(computer mouse clicking) | 7:20 | |
Aquilo, the North wind brings illnesses | 7:32 | |
such as coughs and sore throats. | 7:36 | |
(computer mouse clicking) | 7:41 | |
Infant. | 7:55 | |
The geographic map of Europe | 7:57 | |
is missing from its position beneath the infant. | 7:59 | |
(computer mouse clicking) | 8:04 | |
Unclosed skull plate or fontanelle of newborn. | 8:11 | |
(computer mouse clicks) | 8:15 | |
Toothless gums. | 8:16 | |
(computer mouse clicks) | 8:19 | |
Abdominal viscera with umbilical vessels and urachus. | 8:21 | |
(computer mouse clicks) | 8:27 | |
Fallopian tubes entering top of uterus. | 8:28 | |
(computer mouse clicks) | 8:31 | |
Uterus in cross-section. | 8:33 | |
(computer mouse clicks) | 8:36 | |
Double flaps disclose vagina. | 8:37 | |
(computer mouse clicking) | 8:40 | |
Boy, three years. | 9:04 | |
(computer mouse clicking) | 9:07 | |
Chin flap. | 9:11 | |
(computer mouse clicks) | 9:13 | |
Dentition. | 9:15 | |
(computer mouse clicking) | 9:16 | |
Boy, 14 years. | 9:36 | |
The difference between the age of the central male figure | 9:39 | |
and that of the female mythological figure is seven years. | 9:43 | |
The same time span between the sexes | 9:47 | |
remains constant in all four prints. | 9:49 | |
(computer mouse clicking) | 9:54 | |
Boy, seven months. | 10:26 | |
(computer mouse clicking) | 10:29 | |
Chin flap. | 10:37 | |
(computer mouse clicks) | 10:39 | |
Dentition. | 10:41 | |
(computer mouse clicking) | 10:43 | |
Mythological figure. | 10:53 | |
(computer mouse clicking) | 10:55 | |
Chin flap (computer mouse clicks) | 11:02 | |
Dentition. | 11:04 | |
(computer mouse clicking) | 11:06 | |
Celestial map. | 11:24 | |
The celestial map of the Northern Hemisphere, | 11:26 | |
centered on the Northern Ecliptical pole, | 11:30 | |
shows few new constellations since Ptolemy. | 11:33 | |
(computer mouse clicking) | 11:38 | |
Skull opened to reveal arteries and veins | 11:57 | |
on dura mater of brain. (computer mouse clicks) | 12:01 | |
Falx cerebri, sickle-shaped | 12:05 | |
vertically oriented connective tissue, | 12:07 | |
separates two hemispheres of the brain. | 12:10 | |
(computer mouse clicks) | 12:13 | |
Horizontal section through brain | 12:15 | |
showing lateral ventricles. | 12:17 | |
(computer mouse clicks) | 12:20 | |
Horizontal section through basal ganglia, | 12:22 | |
which is positioned above small flaps | 12:25 | |
for third ventricle and thalamus. | 12:28 | |
(computer mouse clicks) | 12:31 | |
Third ventricle.(computer mouse clicks) | 12:33 | |
Thalamus. | 12:36 | |
(computer mouse clicks) | 12:37 | |
Inferior section showing more ventricles. | 12:39 | |
(computer mouse clicks) | 12:43 | |
Base of brain looking up | 12:44 | |
with arterial circle of Willis above, | 12:46 | |
base of brain looking down | 12:50 | |
with eyes connected to optic nerve, below. | 12:52 | |
(computer mouse clicks) | 12:57 | |
Dura mater covering base of skull. | 12:58 | |
(computer mouse clicks) | 13:02 | |
Dura mater stripped showing base of skull. | 13:03 | |
(computer mouse clicking) | 13:06 | |
Base of skull with jawbone and teeth. | 13:12 | |
(computer mouse clicking) | 13:17 |
Instructor | The Four Seasons: Summer. | 0:02 |
Summer shows a youthful man | 0:05 | |
and a woman flanking a very large urine basket. | 0:08 | |
Smaller versions of this basket | 0:12 | |
were used to carry glass flasks | 0:14 | |
in which urine was collected. | 0:17 | |
The physician analyzed the color, | 0:19 | |
odor, content, and quantity of urine | 0:22 | |
to aid in the diagnosis of disease. | 0:25 | |
The couple's arms are looped through the basket handles | 0:28 | |
at the elbow and crossed at each other's wrist. | 0:31 | |
Each holds a flask, | 0:34 | |
one of which is identified as the humor, | 0:37 | |
sanguis or blood. | 0:40 | |
A sun is in the upper left corner | 0:42 | |
but the moon has been lost. | 0:44 | |
Beneath the calendrical and zodiacal arches a pair | 0:47 | |
of turtledoves hold the banner for Aestas. | 0:51 | |
A cherry tree is at the left | 0:55 | |
and an apple at the right, both bearing fruit. | 0:58 | |
Plants and flowers appear around the couple's feet. | 1:02 | |
A camel and a horse are in the background, | 1:06 | |
animals in keeping with the geographic map of Asia. | 1:10 | |
The celestial map represents the southern hemisphere. | 1:15 | |
In the lower right corner are two metrological tables: | 1:19 | |
one of various units of length | 1:24 | |
and the other for conversion. | 1:26 | |
The man, the woman, the basket, | 1:28 | |
and both maps, as well as the sun, | 1:31 | |
cover additional layers. | 1:34 | |
Arches. | 1:46 | |
Counting from the top down, | 1:47 | |
the arches record the stellar phases, | 1:49 | |
signs of the zodiac, a calendar scale, | 1:52 | |
three types of months, and the motion | 1:55 | |
of the moon for this season. | 1:58 | |
Sun. | 2:42 | |
Sun conceals dissected anatomy of the hand. | 2:43 | |
Hand, palm up view. | 2:54 | |
Blood vessels in hand. | 3:00 | |
Palmar aponeurosis on the left opposite subcutaneous view | 3:05 | |
of the hand. | 3:11 | |
Tendons connecting fingers to muscles of forearm | 3:18 | |
on the left, and verso of palmar aponeurosis on the right. | 3:21 | |
Thenar, hypothenar and dorsal interosseous muscles. | 3:34 | |
Moon. | 3:48 | |
The moon, which should have been full, | 3:49 | |
is missing and likely concealed one of the five senses, | 3:51 | |
hearing or smell not represented elsewhere. | 3:56 | |
Handwriting visible on the pasteboard mount. | 4:00 | |
Turtledoves. | 4:09 | |
Turtledoves often represent purity and peace | 4:11 | |
but here are probably intended as a symbol of lovemaking. | 4:15 | |
Cherry. | 4:35 | |
The cherry is an emblem of fruitfulness. | 4:37 | |
Apple. | 5:06 | |
The apple carries the dual meaning | 5:08 | |
of a chastity test and a love charm. | 5:11 | |
Geographic map. | 5:52 | |
Map of Asia is compatible with animals in landscape. | 5:54 | |
Heart and lungs. | 6:11 | |
Interior of heart with a dove representing the soul. | 6:16 | |
Vasculature and bronchi of lungs. | 6:27 | |
Woman. | 6:40 | |
18 years. | 6:42 | |
Abdomen. | 6:45 | |
Both flaps open to reveal reproductive organs, | 6:55 | |
uterus, ovaries, and tubae with vascular pattern. | 7:00 | |
Posterior surface of uterus. | 7:09 | |
Flask. | 7:32 | |
The contents of the flask marked with the humor, | 7:33 | |
sanguis, or blood, | 7:37 | |
rule hot and humid conditions. | 7:39 | |
Urine Basket. | 7:47 | |
The very large basket, | 7:49 | |
which has been inscribed with the different qualities | 7:51 | |
of urine, contains an equally large urine flask | 7:54 | |
from which emerges a woman, Urina Meretrix. | 7:58 | |
Urine flask with four different layers of urine deposit. | 9:04 | |
Anterior view with flaps | 9:12 | |
for right kidney, bladder and right testis. | 9:14 | |
Right kidney is depicted unnaturally, | 9:19 | |
quote weeping fluid, end quote. | 9:23 | |
Ureter on left kidney shows several strictures | 9:27 | |
and dilated segments. | 9:31 | |
Surface vasculature of kidney. | 9:35 | |
Major arterial supply with arcuate arteries. | 9:39 | |
Renal pelvis. | 9:45 | |
Tubular collecting system. | 9:48 | |
Kidney in cross section. | 9:52 | |
Bladder section shows muscular walls | 9:56 | |
and ureters entering at base. | 10:00 | |
Posterior muscle wall. | 10:05 | |
Spermatic cord enters through fascia. | 10:09 | |
Posterior of bladder with prostate on verso | 10:17 | |
of previous flap, below, | 10:21 | |
ligated rectum, above. | 10:23 | |
Testis flap reveals tunica albuginea. | 10:28 | |
Man, 25 years. | 10:43 | |
Modesty flower covers genitalia. | 10:46 | |
Surface vasculature of muscles. | 11:08 | |
Large muscle groups, | 11:14 | |
individual flaps for pectoral, | 11:16 | |
intercostal with transversus, | 11:18 | |
and intercostal with rectus. | 11:21 | |
Two flaps for neck muscles and small flap for penis. | 11:23 | |
Skeletal system with vasculature | 11:42 | |
for left arm and leg superimposed. | 11:44 | |
Handwriting visible underneath hand and foot. | 11:51 | |
Celestial map. | 12:08 | |
The celestial map of the southern hemisphere | 12:11 | |
is centered on the Southern Ecliptical Pole. | 12:14 | |
Most of the constellations can be traced to Ptolemy. | 12:18 | |
Liver. | 12:37 | |
Posterior surface of liver with handwriting visible below. | 12:42 | |
Metrological Tables. | 12:59 | |
The table of measures of length on the left | 13:02 | |
should be used with the conversion table on the right. | 13:05 |
Speaker | "The Four Seasons". | 0:01 |
"Fall. | 0:03 | |
The same couple, 17 years older, | 0:05 | |
and fully mature pose with their arms crossed | 0:08 | |
and resting on each other's shoulder, | 0:11 | |
with each hand holding a flask, behind the other's head. | 0:13 | |
One flask is marked bilis flava, yellow bile or choler. | 0:18 | |
The sun, and moon are present in their usual positions. | 0:23 | |
The calendrical and zodiacal arches and the trees, | 0:28 | |
a pomegranate and a grapevine, frame the man and the woman. | 0:32 | |
A single stork carries the banner for Autumnus. | 0:38 | |
This print is the most intricate of the set of four | 0:43 | |
and has the greatest number of layers. | 0:46 | |
Two volvelles, or concentric paper disks | 0:49 | |
which rotate on a string pivot | 0:53 | |
and are surrounded by graduated or figured circles, | 0:55 | |
appear at the bottom of the print. | 0:59 | |
The lunar aspectarium is positioned | 1:01 | |
between the couple's legs. | 1:04 | |
It was used to compute the position of the moon | 1:06 | |
at the moment an illness began, called a decumbiture, | 1:09 | |
in order to aid the physician in treatment. | 1:14 | |
At the lower right is a pregnancy calendar | 1:17 | |
whose purpose was to calculate the time | 1:20 | |
from the presumed date of conception, | 1:23 | |
in order to predict the critical dates of development | 1:25 | |
for the fetus, up to the moment of birth. | 1:29 | |
At the lower left is a disk representing the five senses. | 1:32 | |
Plants and animals, a lion and an elephant, | 1:38 | |
appropriate to the seasoned and geographic region, | 1:41 | |
are represented in the background." | 1:45 | |
(mouse clicking) | 1:49 | |
"Arches. | 2:20 | |
Counting from the top down, | 2:22 | |
the arches record the stellar phases, | 2:24 | |
signs of the Zodiac, a calendar scale, | 2:27 | |
three types of months, | 2:31 | |
and the motion of the moon for this season." | 2:32 | |
(mouse clicking) | 2:37 | |
"Sun. | 3:01 | |
Sun covers dissected anatomy of the tongue. | 3:07 | |
Surface of tongue with glottis." | 3:14 | |
(mouse clicking) | 3:17 | |
"Internal musculature demonstrated | 3:22 | |
by four intricately folded flaps." | 3:24 | |
(mouse clicking) | 3:28 | |
"Moon. | 3:47 | |
This moon, which has no flap to lift, | 3:49 | |
is in the waxing crescent phase, | 3:52 | |
and should have been reversed | 3:55 | |
with the moon in Ver, | 3:56 | |
which presents the waning crescent." | 3:58 | |
(mouse clicking) | 4:03 | |
"Stork. | 4:05 | |
A Christian symbol for prudence and piety, | 4:07 | |
the stork generally represents the affection, | 4:10 | |
and care of children for their parents." | 4:14 | |
(mouse clicking) | 4:22 | |
"Pomegranate. | 4:23 | |
The pomegranate is a symbol of potential fertility." | 4:25 | |
(mouse clicking) | 4:30 | |
"Grapevine. | 4:53 | |
The vine laden with grapes reflects fertility realized." | 4:55 | |
(mouse clicking) | 5:01 | |
"Flask. | 5:24 | |
One flask holds bilis flava, also known as choler | 5:27 | |
or yellow bile, which rules hot and dry conditions." | 5:31 | |
(mouse clicking) | 5:37 | |
"Woman, 35 years. | 5:52 | |
Flaps reveals of breast, gravid uterus, and genitalia. | 5:56 | |
Surface vasculature of breast. | 6:03 | |
Possible image of a crab, | 6:08 | |
the astrological sign for Cancer, which rules the breast. | 6:10 | |
Lactiferous ducks. | 6:15 | |
Gravid uterus, relatively larger than life-size. | 6:24 | |
Uterus in cross section below, with capsular decidua above. | 6:31 | |
Amnion with fetal head showing through. | 6:38 | |
Fetus. | 6:43 | |
Posterior of fetus below interior of amnion above. | 6:45 | |
12 fetal positions | 6:52 | |
of which two are revealed underneath other positions." | 6:54 | |
(mouse clicking) | 7:00 | |
(mouse clicking) | 7:15 | |
(mouse clicking) | 7:59 | |
"Man, estimated 42 years old. | 8:02 | |
Flaps cover three sections of the anatomy, | 8:06 | |
chest, abdomen, and urogenital system. | 8:10 | |
Beneath the lungs is concealed the heart. | 8:18 | |
Chest cavity. | 8:23 | |
The heart has flaps for the pericardium, | 8:27 | |
the surface of the heart with coronary arteries, | 8:30 | |
right and left ventricles without atria and valves, | 8:34 | |
and posterior view of the pericardium." | 8:37 | |
(mouse clicking) | 8:41 | |
"Posterior of lungs above and open chest cavity below. | 8:52 | |
Abdominal cavity lacking most of gastrointestinal tract, | 9:00 | |
peritoneum overlaid by urogenital flaps." | 9:06 | |
(mouse clicking) | 9:10 | |
"Bladder and urethra above with prostate | 9:22 | |
and spermatic cord below." | 9:25 | |
(mouse clicking) | 9:28 | |
"Mesentery with individual flaps for spleen | 9:33 | |
and pancreas above, posterior view, bladder, prostate | 9:36 | |
and seminal vesicles below. | 9:41 | |
Retroperitoneal view with kidneys." | 9:45 | |
(mouse clicking) | 9:50 | |
"Five Senses. | 10:13 | |
The geographic map of Africa now missing, | 10:16 | |
probably covered the disk with the five senses, | 10:19 | |
sight, hearing, taste, smell, and touch, | 10:22 | |
are each represented with appropriate symbols, | 10:26 | |
in an outer circle. | 10:29 | |
The inner circle represents the census communis | 10:30 | |
or common sense. | 10:33 | |
The spiral underneath the common sense represents memoria | 10:38 | |
or memory. | 10:42 | |
Handwriting visible underneath circle of senses." | 10:44 | |
(mouse clicking) | 10:48 | |
"Lunar Aspectarium. | 11:27 | |
The lunar aspectarium rotates around a scale representing | 11:30 | |
the zodiac. | 11:33 | |
When the index pointer on the rim is set to the position | 11:35 | |
of the moon at the moment an illness began, | 11:38 | |
the central pointer can then be moved to the number | 11:41 | |
of days that have elapsed since the decumbiture. | 11:43 | |
As a result, all significant aspects are indicated | 11:47 | |
and can be interpreted by the physician | 11:51 | |
for use in the treatment of the patient. | 11:53 | |
This flap which can not actually be viewed | 11:58 | |
as a whole because of the string pivot, | 12:00 | |
gives the physician information on qualities and humors | 12:02 | |
and advice on various fevers in the examination of urine. | 12:06 | |
Provides details on calculation of the childbed." | 12:12 | |
(mouse clicking) | 12:18 | |
"Pregnancy Calendar. | 13:03 | |
By rotating the dial of the pregnancy calendar | 13:06 | |
to the estimated date of conception, | 13:08 | |
other critical dates in the development | 13:11 | |
of the fetus are shown in the cutouts around the dial. | 13:13 | |
The horoscope was drawn up for Marsilio Landriani, | 13:21 | |
Bishop of Vigevano in Bologna Italy, | 13:27 | |
on the 22nd of May 1605, | 13:31 | |
to assist in the diagnosis and treatment | 13:35 | |
of an illness he first suffered, in January of 1602. | 13:37 | |
At any one time, only portions can be seen | 13:43 | |
by lifting the edge of the covering volvelle | 13:46 | |
which is anchored in the middle." | 13:48 | |
(mouse clicking) | 13:53 |
Instructor | The Four Seasons: Winter. | 0:02 |
In a departure from all the previous prints, | 0:06 | |
the man has turned his back to the viewer | 0:09 | |
and the woman in right profile | 0:12 | |
is in the act of stepping down | 0:15 | |
into a grave scattered with bones. | 0:17 | |
Both hold flasks. | 0:21 | |
The woman is discharging the contents of hers, | 0:23 | |
which is identified as melancholia, or black bile. | 0:26 | |
The sun and the moon are in their respective corners. | 0:31 | |
Beneath the calendrical and zodiacal arches, | 0:36 | |
a crane holds the banner for Hyems. | 0:40 | |
An olive, or perhaps mistletoe, | 0:44 | |
and a dormant, or dead, tree complete the frame. | 0:47 | |
There are no animals in this print | 0:52 | |
but four human figures in the background | 0:54 | |
are engaged in a variety of domestic activities. | 0:57 | |
The tobacco plant growing from behind the geographic map | 1:01 | |
of the Americas, is out of season, | 1:04 | |
but does reflect the connection with the New World. | 1:07 | |
Only the man, the woman, and the map conceal further layers. | 1:11 | |
Arches. | 2:12 | |
Counting from the top down, | 2:14 | |
the arches record the stellar phases, | 2:15 | |
signs of the zodiac, a calendar scale, | 2:18 | |
three types of months, | 2:21 | |
and the motion of the moon for the season. | 2:22 | |
The sun has no flap to lift. | 2:52 | |
The moon, which has no flap to lift, | 2:59 | |
is in the dark or new phase. | 3:01 | |
Crane. | 3:06 | |
The crane, carrying a stone, is a symbol of vigilance. | 3:07 | |
The Trees of Winter. | 3:14 | |
This tree has been interpreted as an olive | 3:17 | |
or as mistletoe growing on a host tree, often an oak. | 3:19 | |
Either would fit within the context of the print. | 3:23 | |
Leaves of the olive tree were used | 3:26 | |
before the advent of coffins | 3:28 | |
as a bed as well as a cover for the dead in the grave. | 3:30 | |
The mistletoe was used medicinally to alleviate the ills | 3:34 | |
of old age. | 3:37 | |
The leafless tree can be interpreted | 3:38 | |
as either dead or deciduous. | 3:40 | |
If the latter, the oak would be particularly apt. | 3:43 | |
Often used for coffins, the oak was known | 3:47 | |
as the tree of the dead. | 3:50 | |
Its leaf galls were used to cure melancholia. | 3:51 | |
Flask. | 4:40 | |
One flask contains melancholia or black bile, | 4:42 | |
which rules cold and humid conditions. | 4:46 | |
Man. | 5:01 | |
49 years. | 5:02 | |
Full flap, posterior view, conceals successive layers | 5:04 | |
of body systems. | 5:08 | |
Verso of flap repeats an image | 5:10 | |
from elsewhere in Hyems. | 5:12 | |
Vascular system. | 5:16 | |
Muscular system with small flaps | 5:19 | |
for trapezius muscle | 5:21 | |
of shoulder and neck and gluteus maximum muscle of buttock. | 5:22 | |
Details of deeper muscle groups | 5:28 | |
with multiple small flaps | 5:30 | |
for muscles at base of skull, | 5:31 | |
the cranium, deltoid muscle, and muscles along spine. | 5:34 | |
Skeletal system with flaps for base of skull and scapula. | 5:40 | |
Handwriting visible underneath left edge of skull. | 5:44 | |
Woman: estimated 42 years. | 7:11 | |
Right sagittal view | 7:16 | |
with surface muscles conceals successive layers | 7:18 | |
of vascular system. | 7:21 | |
Verso of flap repeats an image from elsewhere in Hyems. | 7:23 | |
Arterial system borrowed from male. | 7:31 | |
Note spermatic vein and venous plexus from testicles. | 7:34 | |
Handwriting visible on verso of paper used | 7:40 | |
to repair neck of previous flap. | 7:42 | |
Detail of vascular system of brain. | 7:47 | |
Venous system on verso of previous flap. | 7:52 | |
Handwriting visible underneath torso and small toe flap. | 7:54 | |
Geographic Map. | 9:11 | |
Map depicts North and South America, | 9:14 | |
which corresponds with the figures | 9:16 | |
of native peoples in the background. | 9:18 | |
Verso of flap repeats an image | 9:20 | |
from elsewhere in Hyems. | 9:22 | |
Rectum. | 9:48 | |
Handwriting visible underneath rectum. | 9:52 | |
Grave. | 10:02 | |
The bones are not relatively scaled. | 10:04 | |
The lower jawbone appears the same size as a tooth. | 10:07 |